Nkawom 
Mu Ɔkwan Kɛse so Bridge Engineering ., rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated . wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ superstructure ne substructure a ɛwɔ bridges no ntam. wodi dwuma titiriw bi wɔ . Nnesoa a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ a wɔde mena ., Accommodating structural deformation . , ne Vibration isolation ne damping a wɔde bɛma ..
Sɛ yɛhwɛ mfiri a, saa nhyehyɛe yi ne . Faako a ɛwosow no dampers ., rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde hyɛ mu . , ne Subgrade damping pads . , a ɛyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no . Engineering rubber vibration a wɔde tew nneɛma ho . . Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi nyinaa gyina . Deformation suban ne ahoɔden dissipation tumi a rɔba nneɛma . aseɛ Compressive ne shear loading tebea horow ..
Mpɛn pii no, nneɛma a ɛhyɛ den a ɛyɛ 1999 no. rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated . constitus a . Nneɛma pii a ɛyɛ dade mprɛte a ɛyɛ tratraa anaa dade hama a wɔde ayɛ meshes . . Wɔ anohyeto ahorow a ɛwɔ saa layers a ɛhyɛ den yi ase no, . rɔba a ɛwɔ akyi no yɛ kɛse . no siw ano yiye, na ɛnam so ma nkɔso kɛse . Ahoɔden a ɛwɔ nhyɛso mu . ne Ne nyinaa mu no, ɛyɛ den . a ɛwɔ rɔba no mu no.
Bere koro no ara mu, bere a wɔhwɛ hu sɛ . Adesoa a ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ . , ɛso Shear deformation tumi . Wɔ horizontal displacement ase no da so ara betumi aba. Saa su yi ho hia saa ara wɔ nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ . Subgrade damping pads . ne rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde hyɛ mu ..
No Compressive Elastic Modulus sɔhwɛ kwan . yɛ akwan titiriw a wɔfa so hwehwɛ . Mfiridwuma mu adwumayɛ . firi rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated . . Sɛ wɔde gyinapɛn ahorow a wɔayɛ no foforo di dwuma a, abien no nyinaa . Akwan a wɔfa so bu akontaa . ne Sɔhwɛ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow . ayɛ nsakrae a ɛne no hyia.
Ɛdenam nhwehwɛmu a wɔasɔ ahwɛ so no, nhwehwɛmu yi hwehwɛ mu wɔ nhyehyɛe kwan so . Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛka sɔhwɛ mu pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ . ne wɔn nkɛntɛnso dodow, a ɛma wonya ade a ɛyɛ den . Mfiridwuma mu nnyinaso a wɔde yɛ bridge engineering ne vibration control mfiridwuma ..
1. Nsɛm a wɔaka abom a ɛfa compressive elastic modulus sɔhwɛ kwan no ho .
1.1 Adwene titiriw .
Wɔ 1981 mu no, . Lindley PB . de nsusuwii nhwɛso a wɔde bu akontaa . Rɔba bearing ahorow a ɛyɛ den a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ . , a egyina adwene a ɛne sɛ . Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ rɔba nneɛma a ɛyɛ elastic suban a ɛyɛ den a wontumi nhyɛ so . . Efi saa bere no, wɔde saa nsusuwii yi adi dwuma kɛse wɔ mfiridwuma mu nneyɛe mu.
Aseɛ Nneɛma a wɔde hyɛ nhyɛso mu a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ . , rɔba nneɛma a wɔda no adi no nyɛ . Thickness-kwankyerɛ a wɔde hyɛ mu no deformation . , nanso ɛyɛ . Lateral bulging deformation . . Saa mfiridwuma mu suban yi nso yɛ nea ɛfata . Faako a ɛwosow no dampers . ne rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde hyɛ mu . mu Nneɛma a wɔde hwɛ ma ɛwosow ..
1.2 Nkontaabuo a εfa ho .
ma rɔba bearing a ɛwɔ . N rɔba a ɛwɔ soro . , a yɛfa no sɛ rɔba ade no yɛ nea wontumi nhyɛ so na wɔde hyɛ . Nhyɛso a ɛho tew . , no Vertical stiffness . no yɛ akontaabu sɛ .:
kv=e1⋅a0n⋅t1k_v = \frac{e_1 \cdot A_0}{n \cdot t_1}kv=n⋅T1E1⋅A0
Ɛhe:
E₁ — Longitudinal elastic modulus a ɛyɛ rɔba .
A₀ — Beae a etu mpɔn a wɔde nneɛma gu mu .
t₁ — rɔba biako a ɛyɛ den .
Saa nsusuwii yi wɔ bo a ɛho hia a wɔde gyina hɔ ma . rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated ., Subgrade damping pads . , ne Vibration isolation rɔba nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ keteke kwan so nhyehyɛe ahorow mu ..
2. Nsusuwii adwene a ɛfa automatic compressive elastic modulus sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe ho .
No Automatic compressive elastic modulus sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe . Titiriw no, ɛyɛ .:
Compression sɔhwɛ afiri .
Displacement ne ahoɔden sensor ahorow .
Adwumayɛfo sɔhwɛ ne data nhwehwɛmu softwea .
Wɔ sɔhwɛ mu no, nhyehyɛe no betumi . Kɔ so nya vertical load ne compression deformation data . , a ɛyɛ adwuma ankasa . Nhyɛso–nhama a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa . , na bu akontaa . Nneɛma a ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ ɛbɛbɔ modulus . nea ɛka ho ne . Deviation nhwehwɛmu ..
Nhyehyɛe yi a wɔde di dwuma .:
Ɛtew nsaanodwuma so kɛse .
Ɔkwati nnipa akenkan mu mfomso ahorow wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so .
kɔ so sɔ mfomso hwɛ wɔ anohyeto ahorow a wogye tom mu .
Saa sɔhwɛ kwan yi yɛ nea ɛfata sɛ ɛnyɛ . rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated . , nanso ɛyɛ . Faako a ɛwosow no dampers . ne rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde hyɛ mu . ama mfiridwuma mu adwumayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu.
3. Engineering Asɛm study ne ntotoho a ɛfa sɔhwɛ akwan ho .
3.1 Asɛm no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu .
A Laminated rɔba a wɔde ayɛ bearing . no paw no sɛ sɔhwɛ nhwɛsode a ɛwɔ parameters a edidi so yi .:
Diameter .: 140 mm .
Ɔsorokɔ a wɔawie .: 25 mm .
rɔba biako a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ den .: 4 mm .
Dade mprɛte no mu duru .: 2 mm .
Dade mprɛte so nkataho dodow .: 3 layers .
Beae a etu mpɔn a wɔde nneɛma gu mu .: 15,366 mm2.
Nsusuwii Factor .: 7.0
rɔba a ɛyɛ den nyinaa .: 20 mm .
Sɛnea gyinapɛn foforo no kyerɛ no, . Nsusuwii kwan a wɔfa so yɛ compressive elastic modulus . yɛ (303 ± 60) MPa ..
3.2 Nkɛntɛnso a akwan ahorow a wɔfa so de nneɛma gu mu nya wɔ sɔhwɛ mu aba so .
sɛ wɔbɛhwehwɛ nkɛntɛnso a . Akwan a wɔfa so de nneɛma gu mu . , wɔyɛɛ nneɛma abien a wɔde fa nneɛma so ho nhyehyɛe .:
Nhyehyɛe 1 (ade a ɛnyɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ) .:
Nneɛma a wɔde gu mu a wɔtaa de di dwuma ne nea wɔde gu mu .
3 loading cycles .
Scheme 2 (gyinabea a wɔde nneɛma gu mu) .:
Anamɔn so a wɔde bɛhyɛ mu sɛnea gyinapɛn foforo kyerɛ no .
Adesoa biara a wɔhwɛ so yiye ma . 120 seconds . Ansa na Deformation Data Acquisition reba no .
Sɔhwɛ mu aba kyerɛ sɛ .:
Nhyehyɛe 1 . Nneɛma a ɛda adi a ɛboro so a ɛboro so . 3%, a ɛda adi pefee . Hysteresis Nsunsuanso .
Nhyehyɛe 2 . kyerɛ deviations a ennu . 3%, a ɛma . Nea efi mu ba a ɛyɛ den na wotumi de ho to so kɛse .
Saa asɛm yi nso yɛ asɛm a ɛsom bo a wɔde susuw sɛnea wɔyɛ adwuma bere tenten wɔ . Subgrade damping pads . wɔ nnesoa a ɛkɔ so tra hɔ ase.
4. Nsusuwii a wontumi nsi pi nhwehwɛmu wɔ sɔhwɛ bere mu .
4.1 Nneɛma a wontumi nsi pi a ɛde ne ho fi honam fam nneɛma ho .
Eyinom titiriw ne .:
Nnwinnade a wɔde sɔ hwɛ no susuw pɛpɛɛpɛ . (Afiri a wɔde hyɛ nneɛma mu, mita a wɔde tu kwan, nneɛma a wɔde twetwe nneɛma, ne nea ɛkeka ho) .
Data Rounding Mmara .
Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nkyerɛase a ɛwɔ gyinapɛn mu ne akenkan mu a adwumayɛfo .
Wobetumi atew saa nsɛm a wontumi nsi pi yi so yiye denam . sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ no mpɛn pii . ne Adwumayɛ ho nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ..
4.2 Nneɛma a wontumi nsi pi a ɛfa sɔhwɛ nhwɛsode no ho .
Eyinom bi ne .:
Mfomso ahorow a ɛwɔ . Beae a etu mpɔn a wɔde nneɛma gu mu .
Nsusuwii mu mfomso ahorow wɔ . Total rɔba a ɛyɛ den ne dade mprɛte no mu duru .
Mfomso ahorow a ɛwɔ . Ɔsorokɔ susuw a wɔawie .
Nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ . Ɔhyew ne ɔhyew a ɛwɔ baabiara .
Nneɛma a ɛtete saa no ho hia kɛse saa ara wɔ sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ . rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde hyɛ mu . ne Faako a ɛwosow no dampers ..
5. Nsusuwii a enni mu nyinaa sohwɛ .
Wɔ mfomso parameters nyinaa akyi no, a, . Nsusuwii a wontumi nsi pi koraa . no yɛ nea wɔahyehyɛ. Gyinapɛn a ɛfa ho no kyerɛ pefee . Mfomso a ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse a wɔma ho kwan . ma parameters atitiriw te sɛ . Adesoa ne tu a wotu kɔ baabi foforo ..
Ɛdenam gyinapɛn ahorow yi a wodi so pɛpɛɛpɛ na wodi mfomso ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano so yiye so no, . Ahotoso ne sɔhwɛ mu aba a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ . betumi ama atu mpɔn kɛse.
Awie
rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated . yɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia wɔ . Ɔkwan kɛse so abɔnten so akwan a wɔfa so yɛ . , ne wɔn . Adwumayɛ a ɛma ɛyɛ den . Ɛka tẽẽ . bridge adwumayɛ mu ahobammɔ ..
denam nyansahu mu a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ . Compressive Elastic Modulus sɔhwɛ akwan . , a wɔaka abom ne . Nsusuwii a wontumi nsi pi nhwehwɛmu . , Wobetumi adi mfomso ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano so yiye, na ama wɔatumi ayɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛkorɔn pɛpɛɛpɛ.
Nhwehwɛmu yi mu nsɛm a wɔahu no nyɛ nea ɛfata wɔ . Bridge Engineering . , nanso ɛma wonya nneɛma a ɛsom bo nso . Nsusuwii ne mfaso a ɛwɔ so . ma no . Nsusuwii, sɔhwɛ, ne dwumadie . firi Faako a ɛwosow no dampers ., rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde hyɛ mu . , ne Subgrade damping pads . , ne afoforo nso . Engineering rubber vibration a wɔde tew nneɛma ho ..
Mu Ɔkwan Kɛse so Bridge Engineering ., rɔba bearing ahorow a wɔayɛ no laminated . wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ superstructure ne substructure a ɛwɔ bridges no ntam.
